build: Add integrity pinning to Docker build images

[dstadulis]

Change Description

This PR adds integrity pinning to Docker build images. Referencing the Docker environment by a specified SHA hash reduces the need to trust, the on-going integrity of Dockerhub resources, or data-transport.

Before this change, build Dockerfiles referenced docker images by notional content which could be malicously swapped without alerting.

Docker-Image digests exist under a cohesive index digest which account for the fact that different architectures will obtain different image files. See additional commentary: docker/hub-feedback#1925 (comment)

Producing Integrity Pinning Digests

Local:

docker inspect $image_name
#JSON output results

HTTP:
https://hub.docker.com/layers/library/golang/1.22.6-bookworm/images/sha256-8ae92b0f1598356df80f4e9bd682c4cdbae8f1a3fc9cee1f05ce88a00462f05f

JSON API:
https://registry.hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/library/golang/tags/1.22

Steps to Test

# Fetch
gh pr checkout 9115

git checkout docker-build-image-integrity
SKIP_VERSION_CHECK=1 make docker-release tag=docker-build-image-integrity

Pull Request Checklist

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• Tests covering the positive and negative (error paths) are included.
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