Sumukh K Aithal, Pratyush Maini, Zachary C. Lipton, J. Zico Kolter
Colloquially speaking, image generation models based upon diffusion processes are frequently said to exhibit "hallucinations", samples that could never occur in the training data. But where do such hallucinations come from? In this paper, we study a particular failure mode in diffusion models, which we term mode interpolation. Specifically, we find that diffusion models smoothly "interpolate" between nearby data modes in the training set, to generate samples that are completely outside the support of the original training distribution; this phenomenon leads diffusion models to generate artifacts that never existed in real data (i.e., hallucinations). We systematically study the reasons for, and the manifestation of this phenomenon. Through experiments on 1D and 2D Gaussians, we show how a discontinuous loss landscape in the diffusion model's decoder leads to a region where any smooth approximation will cause such hallucinations. Through experiments on artificial datasets with various shapes, we show how hallucination leads to the generation of combinations of shapes that never existed. Finally, we show that diffusion models in fact know when they go out of support and hallucinate. This is captured by the high variance in the trajectory of the generated sample towards the final few backward sampling process. Using a simple metric to capture this variance, we can remove over 95% of hallucinations at generation time while retaining 96% of in-support samples. We conclude our exploration by showing the implications of such hallucination (and its removal) on the collapse (and stabilization) of recursive training on synthetic data with experiments on MNIST and 2D Gaussians dataset.
gaussian_experiments folder contains the code to reproduce the 1D and 2D Gaussian experiments.
We will release the code to reproduce the shapes experiment soon.
pip install -r requirements.txt
All the experiments were run with PyTorch 1.13 but the code should be compatible with more recent versions as well.
If you find our paper or codebase useful, please consider citing us as:
@article{aithal2024understanding,
title={Understanding Hallucinations in Diffusion Models through Mode Interpolation},
author={Aithal, Sumukh K and Maini, Pratyush and Lipton, Zachary C and Zico Kolter, J},
journal={arXiv e-prints},
pages={arXiv--2406},
year={2024}
}